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丽水建设网站,常宁做网站,怎么做百度网站验证码,推广游戏的平台Python操作系统常用命令超详细指南一、引言与概述在Python中操作和管理操作系统是一项核心技能#xff0c;无论是文件处理、进程管理还是系统监控#xff0c;都离不开对操作系统功能的调用。Python通过os、shutil、subprocess、sys、pathlib等多个内置模块提供了丰富的系统操…Python操作系统常用命令超详细指南一、引言与概述在Python中操作和管理操作系统是一项核心技能无论是文件处理、进程管理还是系统监控都离不开对操作系统功能的调用。Python通过os、shutil、subprocess、sys、pathlib等多个内置模块提供了丰富的系统操作功能。本文将全面介绍Python中常用的操作系统命令涵盖文件操作、目录管理、进程控制、环境变量、路径处理等各个方面并提供详细的代码示例和最佳实践建议。二、文件操作命令1. 文件创建与读写pythonimport os import shutil # 1.1 创建空文件 open(new_file.txt, w).close() # 方法1 with open(another_file.txt, w) as f: pass # 方法2 # 1.2 写入文件 with open(example.txt, w) as f: f.write(Hello, World!\n) f.write(This is a test file.\n) f.writelines([Line 1\n, Line 2\n, Line 3\n]) # 1.3 读取文件 with open(example.txt, r) as f: content f.read() # 读取全部内容 print(Full content:, content) with open(example.txt, r) as f: lines f.readlines() # 按行读取为列表 print(Lines:, lines) with open(example.txt, r) as f: for line in f: # 逐行读取内存友好 print(Line:, line.strip()) # 1.4 追加内容 with open(example.txt, a) as f: f.write(This is appended content.\n) # 1.5 二进制文件操作 with open(binary_file.bin, wb) as f: f.write(b\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04) with open(binary_file.bin, rb) as f: data f.read() print(Binary data:, data)2. 文件属性与信息pythonimport os import time import stat # 2.1 检查文件是否存在 print(File exists:, os.path.exists(example.txt)) # 2.2 获取文件大小 print(File size:, os.path.getsize(example.txt), bytes) # 2.3 获取文件修改时间 mod_time os.path.getmtime(example.txt) print(Last modified:, time.ctime(mod_time)) # 2.4 获取文件创建时间Windows if os.name nt: creation_time os.path.getctime(example.txt) print(Created:, time.ctime(creation_time)) # 2.5 获取文件权限信息 file_stat os.stat(example.txt) print(File mode:, oct(file_stat.st_mode)) print(Is readable:, os.access(example.txt, os.R_OK)) print(Is writable:, os.access(example.txt, os.W_OK)) print(Is executable:, os.access(example.txt, os.X_OK)) # 2.6 判断文件类型 print(Is file:, os.path.isfile(example.txt)) print(Is directory:, os.path.isdir(example.txt)) print(Is link:, os.path.islink(example.txt))3. 文件复制、移动与删除pythonimport os import shutil # 3.1 复制文件 shutil.copy2(source.txt, destination.txt) # 保留元数据 shutil.copy(source.txt, backup/) # 复制到目录 # 3.2 复制文件并保留所有元数据 shutil.copy2(source.txt, dest_with_metadata.txt) # 3.3 复制目录树 shutil.copytree(source_dir, destination_dir) # 3.4 移动/重命名文件 shutil.move(old_name.txt, new_name.txt) # 重命名 shutil.move(file.txt, target_dir/) # 移动 # 3.5 删除文件 os.remove(file_to_delete.txt) # 3.6 安全删除检查是否存在 if os.path.exists(file.txt): os.remove(file.txt) else: print(File does not exist) # 3.7 删除目录树 shutil.rmtree(directory_to_remove)4. 文件查找与匹配pythonimport os import fnmatch import glob # 4.1 使用glob查找文件 txt_files glob.glob(*.txt) print(Text files:, txt_files) all_files glob.glob(**/*, recursiveTrue) # 递归查找 print(All files:, all_files) # 4.2 使用fnmatch进行模式匹配 files os.listdir(.) txt_files fnmatch.filter(files, *.txt) print(Text files (fnmatch):, txt_files) # 4.3 递归查找特定扩展名文件 def find_files(extension, directory.): matches [] for root, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(directory): for filename in filenames: if filename.endswith(extension): matches.append(os.path.join(root, filename)) return matches py_files find_files(.py) print(Python files:, py_files) # 4.4 查找特定大小的文件 def find_files_by_size(min_size, max_size, directory.): matches [] for root, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(directory): for filename in filenames: filepath os.path.join(root, filename) size os.path.getsize(filepath) if min_size size max_size: matches.append((filepath, size)) return matches medium_files find_files_by_size(1024, 10240) # 1KB-10KB三、目录操作命令1. 目录创建与删除pythonimport os import shutil # 1.1 创建单个目录 os.mkdir(new_directory) # 1.2 创建多级目录 os.makedirs(path/to/nested/directory, exist_okTrue) # 1.3 删除空目录 os.rmdir(empty_directory) # 1.4 递归删除目录 shutil.rmtree(directory_with_content) # 1.5 安全创建目录 def safe_mkdir(dir_path): if not os.path.exists(dir_path): os.makedirs(dir_path) print(fCreated directory: {dir_path}) else: print(fDirectory already exists: {dir_path}) safe_mkdir(my_directory)2. 目录遍历与列表pythonimport os # 2.1 列出目录内容 print(List dir:, os.listdir(.)) # 2.2 递归遍历目录树 for root, dirs, files in os.walk(.): print(fRoot: {root}) print(f Directories: {dirs}) print(f Files: {files}) print(- * 40) # 2.3 获取当前工作目录 current_dir os.getcwd() print(Current directory:, current_dir) # 2.4 更改工作目录 os.chdir(..) print(Changed to:, os.getcwd()) os.chdir(current_dir) # 切换回来 # 2.5 获取绝对路径 abs_path os.path.abspath(example.txt) print(Absolute path:, abs_path)3. 路径操作与处理pythonimport os from pathlib import Path # 3.1 传统os.path方法 filepath /home/user/docs/file.txt print(Directory:, os.path.dirname(filepath)) print(Filename:, os.path.basename(filepath)) print(Split:, os.path.split(filepath)) print(Splitext:, os.path.splitext(filepath)) # 3.2 路径连接 base_path /home/user full_path os.path.join(base_path, docs, file.txt) print(Joined path:, full_path) # 3.3 规范化路径 raw_path /home/user/../user/docs/./file.txt normalized os.path.normpath(raw_path) print(Normalized:, normalized) # 3.4 使用pathlibPython 3.4 path Path(/home/user/docs/file.txt) print(Path object:, path) print(Parent:, path.parent) print(Name:, path.name) print(Stem:, path.stem) print(Suffix:, path.suffix) # 3.5 相对路径 print(Relative to /home:, path.relative_to(/home)) # 3.6 路径判断 print(Exists:, path.exists()) print(Is absolute:, path.is_absolute()) print(Is file:, path.is_file()) print(Is directory:, path.is_dir())四、进程管理命令1. 执行外部命令pythonimport subprocess import sys # 1.1 简单执行命令阻塞 result subprocess.run([ls, -la], capture_outputTrue, textTrue) print(Return code:, result.returncode) print(Output:, result.stdout) print(Errors:, result.stderr) # 1.2 执行带管道的命令 ps subprocess.Popen([ps, aux], stdoutsubprocess.PIPE) grep subprocess.Popen([grep, python], stdinps.stdout, stdoutsubprocess.PIPE, textTrue) ps.stdout.close() output grep.communicate()[0] print(Python processes:, output) # 1.3 执行shell命令 result subprocess.run(echo $HOME ls -la, shellTrue, capture_outputTrue, textTrue) print(Shell output:, result.stdout) # 1.4 超时控制 try: result subprocess.run([sleep, 10], timeout5, # 5秒超时 capture_outputTrue) except subprocess.TimeoutExpired: print(Command timed out!) # 1.5 实时输出 process subprocess.Popen([ping, -c, 4, google.com], stdoutsubprocess.PIPE, textTrue) for line in process.stdout: print(line.strip())2. 进程信息与控制pythonimport os import signal import psutil # 需要安装pip install psutil # 2.1 获取当前进程ID print(Current PID:, os.getpid()) print(Parent PID:, os.getppid()) # 2.2 获取进程组ID print(Process group:, os.getpgid(0)) # 2.3 创建子进程fork方式 pid os.fork() if pid 0: print(fParent process, child PID: {pid}) elif pid 0: print(Child process) os._exit(0) # 子进程退出 # 2.4 发送信号需要等待fork完成 import time time.sleep(1) # 2.5 使用psutil获取详细进程信息 for proc in psutil.process_iter([pid, name, cpu_percent]): try: if proc.info[cpu_percent] 5.0: # CPU使用率5% print(fHigh CPU process: {proc.info}) except (psutil.NoSuchProcess, psutil.AccessDenied): pass # 2.6 终止进程 process subprocess.Popen([sleep, 100]) print(fStarted process with PID: {process.pid}) process.terminate() # 发送SIGTERM process.wait() print(Process terminated)3. 多进程编程pythonimport multiprocessing import os import time # 3.1 简单多进程 def worker(num): print(fWorker {num}: PID {os.getpid()}) return num * 2 if __name__ __main__: with multiprocessing.Pool(processes4) as pool: results pool.map(worker, range(10)) print(Results:, results) # 3.2 进程间通信 def producer(queue): for i in range(5): queue.put(fMessage {i}) time.sleep(0.1) queue.put(None) # 结束信号 def consumer(queue): while True: item queue.get() if item is None: break print(fConsumed: {item}) if __name__ __main__: queue multiprocessing.Queue() p1 multiprocessing.Process(targetproducer, args(queue,)) p2 multiprocessing.Process(targetconsumer, args(queue,)) p1.start() p2.start() p1.join() p2.join()五、系统信息与监控1. 系统基本信息pythonimport os import platform import sys import socket # 1.1 操作系统信息 print(Platform:, platform.platform()) print(System:, platform.system()) print(Release:, platform.release()) print(Version:, platform.version()) print(Architecture:, platform.architecture()) print(Machine:, platform.machine()) print(Processor:, platform.processor()) # 1.2 Python环境信息 print(Python version:, platform.python_version()) print(Python implementation:, platform.python_implementation()) print(Python compiler:, platform.python_compiler()) # 1.3 主机信息 print(Hostname:, socket.gethostname()) print(IP Address:, socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())) # 1.4 登录用户信息 print(Current user:, os.getlogin()) print(User ID:, os.getuid()) print(Group ID:, os.getgid()) print(Effective user ID:, os.geteuid())2. 磁盘与文件系统pythonimport os import shutil import psutil # 需要安装 # 2.1 磁盘使用情况 for partition in psutil.disk_partitions(): print(fDevice: {partition.device}) print(f Mountpoint: {partition.mountpoint}) print(f Filesystem: {partition.fstype}) try: usage psutil.disk_usage(partition.mountpoint) print(f Total: {usage.total / (1024**3):.2f} GB) print(f Used: {usage.used / (1024**3):.2f} GB) print(f Free: {usage.free / (1024**3):.2f} GB) print(f Usage: {usage.percent}%) except PermissionError: print( Permission denied) print() # 2.2 获取临时目录 print(Temp dir:, os.environ.get(TEMP, os.environ.get(TMP, /tmp))) print(System temp dir:, tempfile.gettempdir()) # 2.3 获取家目录 print(Home directory:, os.path.expanduser(~))3. 内存与CPU监控pythonimport psutil import time # 3.1 内存信息 memory psutil.virtual_memory() print(fTotal memory: {memory.total / (1024**3):.2f} GB) print(fAvailable: {memory.available / (1024**3):.2f} GB) print(fUsed: {memory.used / (1024**3):.2f} GB) print(fUsage: {memory.percent}%) swap psutil.swap_memory() print(fSwap total: {swap.total / (1024**3):.2f} GB) print(fSwap used: {swap.used / (1024**3):.2f} GB) # 3.2 CPU信息 print(fPhysical cores: {psutil.cpu_count(logicalFalse)}) print(fLogical cores: {psutil.cpu_count(logicalTrue)}) print(fCPU frequency: {psutil.cpu_freq().current:.2f} MHz) # 3.3 实时监控 print(Monitoring CPU and memory for 5 seconds...) print(Time\tCPU%\tMemory%) for i in range(5): cpu_percent psutil.cpu_percent(interval1) memory_percent psutil.virtual_memory().percent print(f{i1}s\t{cpu_percent:.1f}%\t{memory_percent:.1f}%)六、环境变量与配置1. 环境变量操作pythonimport os # 1.1 获取所有环境变量 print(All environment variables:) for key, value in os.environ.items(): print(f{key}: {value}) # 1.2 获取特定环境变量 print(PATH:, os.environ.get(PATH, Not set)) print(HOME:, os.environ.get(HOME, Not set)) print(PYTHONPATH:, os.environ.get(PYTHONPATH, Not set)) # 1.3 设置环境变量当前进程 os.environ[MY_VARIABLE] my_value print(MY_VARIABLE:, os.environ[MY_VARIABLE]) # 1.4 更新环境变量如PATH current_path os.environ.get(PATH, ) new_path /usr/local/bin: current_path os.environ[PATH] new_path # 1.5 删除环境变量 if MY_VARIABLE in os.environ: del os.environ[MY_VARIABLE]2. 配置文件管理pythonimport configparser import json import yaml # 需要安装pip install pyyaml # 2.1 INI文件处理 config configparser.ConfigParser() # 读取INI文件 config.read(config.ini) # 获取配置 if database in config: host config[database][host] port config[database].getint(port, fallback3306) print(fDatabase: {host}:{port}) # 写入INI文件 config[settings] { debug: true, log_level: INFO, max_connections: 100 } with open(new_config.ini, w) as f: config.write(f) # 2.2 JSON配置文件 config_data { database: { host: localhost, port: 5432, name: mydb }, server: { host: 0.0.0.0, port: 8000 } } # 写入JSON with open(config.json, w) as f: json.dump(config_data, f, indent2) # 读取JSON with open(config.json, r) as f: loaded_config json.load(f) print(Loaded config:, loaded_config) # 2.3 YAML配置文件如果安装了pyyaml try: with open(config.yaml, w) as f: yaml.dump(config_data, f, default_flow_styleFalse) with open(config.yaml, r) as f: yaml_config yaml.safe_load(f) print(YAML config:, yaml_config) except ImportError: print(PyYAML not installed, skipping YAML examples)七、高级系统操作1. 文件权限与所有权pythonimport os import stat import pwd import grp # 1.1 更改文件权限 os.chmod(myfile.txt, stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR) # 用户读写 os.chmod(script.sh, 0o755) # rwxr-xr-x # 1.2 符号权限表示 permissions { read: stat.S_IRUSR, write: stat.S_IWUSR, execute: stat.S_IXUSR } # 1.3 获取文件所有者信息 file_stat os.stat(myfile.txt) print(Owner UID:, file_stat.st_uid) print(Group GID:, file_stat.st_gid) # 1.4 获取用户名和组名 try: owner_name pwd.getpwuid(file_stat.st_uid).pw_name group_name grp.getgrgid(file_stat.st_gid).gr_name print(fOwner: {owner_name}, Group: {group_name}) except (ImportError, KeyError): print(pwd/grp modules may not be available on Windows) # 1.5 更改文件所有者需要root权限 # os.chown(myfile.txt, uid, gid)2. 符号链接与硬链接pythonimport os # 2.1 创建符号链接 os.symlink(target.txt, link.txt) # 2.2 创建硬链接 os.link(original.txt, hardlink.txt) # 2.3 读取链接目标 if os.path.islink(link.txt): target os.readlink(link.txt) print(fLink target: {target}) # 2.4 检查链接 print(Is symlink:, os.path.islink(link.txt)) print(Is hardlink:, os.stat(original.txt).st_nlink 1)3. 终端与颜色输出pythonimport sys import tty import termios import shutil # 3.1 获取终端大小 columns, rows shutil.get_terminal_size() print(fTerminal: {columns}x{rows}) # 3.2 颜色输出 class Colors: RED \033[91m GREEN \033[92m YELLOW \033[93m BLUE \033[94m MAGENTA \033[95m CYAN \033[96m END \033[0m BOLD \033[1m print(f{Colors.RED}Red text{Colors.END}) print(f{Colors.GREEN}{Colors.BOLD}Bold green text{Colors.END}) # 3.3 进度条 def progress_bar(iteration, total, length50): percent int(100 * (iteration / total)) filled int(length * iteration // total) bar █ * filled - * (length - filled) print(f\r{Colors.CYAN}|{bar}| {percent}% {Colors.END}, end\r) if iteration total: print() # 使用进度条 for i in range(101): progress_bar(i, 100) import time time.sleep(0.01)4. 系统日志pythonimport logging import logging.handlers import sys # 4.1 配置日志 def setup_logger(name, levellogging.INFO): logger logging.getLogger(name) logger.setLevel(level) # 控制台处理器 console_handler logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout) console_format logging.Formatter( %(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s ) console_handler.setFormatter(console_format) # 文件处理器 file_handler logging.FileHandler(app.log) file_format logging.Formatter( %(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(filename)s:%(lineno)d - %(message)s ) file_handler.setFormatter(file_format) # 添加处理器 logger.addHandler(console_handler) logger.addHandler(file_handler) return logger # 4.2 使用日志 logger setup_logger(system_monitor) logger.info(System monitor started) logger.warning(High CPU usage detected) logger.error(Disk space critical) logger.debug(Debug information) # 4.3 轮转日志文件 rotating_handler logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler( app.log, maxBytes1024*1024, backupCount5 )八、最佳实践与注意事项1. 跨平台兼容性pythonimport os import sys # 1.1 路径分隔符 if os.name nt: # Windows path_sep \\ else: # Unix/Linux/Mac path_sep / # 更好的方式是使用os.path.join path os.path.join(dir, subdir, file.txt) # 1.2 换行符处理 text Line1\nLine2\nLine3 if sys.platform win32: text text.replace(\n, \r\n) # 1.3 可执行文件扩展名 if sys.platform win32: python_exe python.exe else: python_exe python3 # 1.4 临时文件处理 import tempfile # 创建临时文件自动清理 with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(modew, deleteFalse) as tmp: tmp.write(Temporary content) tmp_path tmp.name # 使用后清理 os.unlink(tmp_path) # 创建临时目录 with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir: print(fUsing temp dir: {tmpdir}) # 临时目录会在with块结束后自动删除2. 错误处理与异常pythonimport os import errno # 2.1 文件操作错误处理 try: with open(nonexistent.txt, r) as f: content f.read() except FileNotFoundError: print(File not found) except PermissionError: print(Permission denied) except IOError as e: print(fI/O error: {e}) except Exception as e: print(fUnexpected error: {e}) # 2.2 检查文件是否存在避免竞争条件 def safe_read_file(filename): try: with open(filename, r) as f: return f.read() except FileNotFoundError: return None # 2.3 原子文件操作 import tempfile import shutil def atomic_write(filename, content): 原子写入文件避免写入过程中崩溃导致文件损坏 temp_file None try: # 创建临时文件 with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile( modew, diros.path.dirname(filename), deleteFalse ) as tmp: temp_file tmp.name tmp.write(content) # 原子重命名 os.replace(temp_file, filename) finally: # 清理临时文件如果重命名失败 if temp_file and os.path.exists(temp_file): os.unlink(temp_file)3. 性能优化建议pythonimport os import timeit from pathlib import Path # 3.1 批量文件操作使用listdir # 慢的方式 files [] for item in os.listdir(.): if os.path.isfile(item): files.append(item) # 快的方式使用列表推导式 files [item for item in os.listdir(.) if os.path.isfile(item)] # 3.2 避免重复的stat调用 def get_file_info_bad(filepath): 不好的实现多次调用stat return { exists: os.path.exists(filepath), size: os.path.getsize(filepath) if os.path.exists(filepath) else 0, mtime: os.path.getmtime(filepath) if os.path.exists(filepath) else 0 } def get_file_info_good(filepath): 好的实现只调用一次stat try: stat_info os.stat(filepath) return { exists: True, size: stat_info.st_size, mtime: stat_info.st_mtime } except FileNotFoundError: return { exists: False, size: 0, mtime: 0 } # 3.3 使用pathlib提高代码可读性 # 传统方式 import os def find_py_files_old(directory): py_files [] for root, dirs, files in os.walk(directory): for file in files: if file.endswith(.py): py_files.append(os.path.join(root, file)) return py_files # pathlib方式 from pathlib import Path def find_py_files_new(directory): path Path(directory) return list(path.rglob(*.py))九、实战应用示例1. 系统监控脚本python#!/usr/bin/env python3 系统监控脚本监控CPU、内存、磁盘使用情况 import psutil import time import logging from datetime import datetime class SystemMonitor: def __init__(self, alert_thresholdsNone): self.thresholds alert_thresholds or { cpu_percent: 80, memory_percent: 85, disk_percent: 90 } self.setup_logging() def setup_logging(self): logging.basicConfig( levellogging.INFO, format%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s, handlers[ logging.FileHandler(system_monitor.log), logging.StreamHandler() ] ) self.logger logging.getLogger(__name__) def check_cpu(self): cpu_percent psutil.cpu_percent(interval1) if cpu_percent self.thresholds[cpu_percent]: self.logger.warning(fHigh CPU usage: {cpu_percent}%) return cpu_percent def check_memory(self): memory psutil.virtual_memory() if memory.percent self.thresholds[memory_percent]: self.logger.warning(fHigh memory usage: {memory.percent}%) return memory.percent def check_disk(self, path/): try: disk psutil.disk_usage(path) if disk.percent self.thresholds[disk_percent]: self.logger.warning(fHigh disk usage on {path}: {disk.percent}%) return disk.percent except Exception as e: self.logger.error(fError checking disk {path}: {e}) return None def check_processes(self, process_nameNone): processes [] for proc in psutil.process_iter([pid, name, cpu_percent, memory_percent]): try: info proc.info if process_name and process_name.lower() in info[name].lower(): processes.append(info) elif info[cpu_percent] 10 or info[memory_percent] 5: processes.append(info) except (psutil.NoSuchProcess, psutil.AccessDenied): continue return processes def generate_report(self): report { timestamp: datetime.now().isoformat(), cpu: self.check_cpu(), memory: self.check_memory(), disk: self.check_disk(), top_processes: self.check_processes()[:5] } return report def monitor(self, interval60, duration3600): 监控系统指定时间 end_time time.time() duration self.logger.info(fStarting system monitor for {duration} seconds) while time.time() end_time: try: report self.generate_report() self.logger.info(fSystem status: CPU{report[cpu]}%, fMemory{report[memory]}%, fDisk{report[disk]}%) if time.time() interval end_time: time.sleep(interval) except KeyboardInterrupt: self.logger.info(Monitoring stopped by user) break except Exception as e: self.logger.error(fMonitoring error: {e}) time.sleep(interval) if __name__ __main__: monitor SystemMonitor() monitor.monitor(interval300, duration3600) # 每5分钟检查一次持续1小时2. 批量文件处理器python#!/usr/bin/env python3 批量文件处理器重命名、转换、整理文件 import os import shutil from pathlib import Path import hashlib import argparse class BatchFileProcessor: def __init__(self, source_dir, target_dirNone): self.source_dir Path(source_dir).resolve() self.target_dir Path(target_dir).resolve() if target_dir else self.source_dir # 确保目标目录存在 self.target_dir.mkdir(parentsTrue, exist_okTrue) def get_file_hash(self, filepath, algorithmmd5): 计算文件哈希值 hash_func getattr(hashlib, algorithm)() with open(filepath, rb) as f: for chunk in iter(lambda: f.read(4096), b): hash_func.update(chunk) return hash_func.hexdigest() def find_duplicates(self): 查找重复文件 hashes {} duplicates [] for filepath in self.source_dir.rglob(*): if filepath.is_file(): file_hash self.get_file_hash(filepath) if file_hash in hashes: duplicates.append((filepath, hashes[file_hash])) else: hashes[file_hash] filepath return duplicates def organize_by_extension(self): 按扩展名整理文件 for filepath in self.source_dir.rglob(*): if filepath.is_file(): # 获取扩展名不含点 ext filepath.suffix[1:].lower() if filepath.suffix else no_extension # 创建目标目录 target_ext_dir self.target_dir / ext target_ext_dir.mkdir(exist_okTrue) # 移动文件 target_path target_ext_dir / filepath.name if not target_path.exists(): shutil.move(str(filepath), str(target_path)) print(fMoved: {filepath.name} - {ext}/) def rename_sequential(self, prefixfile, start1): 顺序重命名文件 counter start for filepath in sorted(self.source_dir.rglob(*)): if filepath.is_file(): # 保留原扩展名 new_name f{prefix}_{counter:04d}{filepath.suffix} new_path filepath.parent / new_name if not new_path.exists(): filepath.rename(new_path) print(fRenamed: {filepath.name} - {new_name}) counter 1 def convert_text_encoding(self, source_encodingutf-8, target_encodingutf-8): 转换文本文件编码 converted 0 for filepath in self.source_dir.rglob(*.txt): try: # 读取原文件 with open(filepath, r, encodingsource_encoding) as f: content f.read() # 写入新编码 with open(filepath, w, encodingtarget_encoding) as f: f.write(content) converted 1 print(fConverted: {filepath.name}) except UnicodeDecodeError: print(fSkipped (wrong encoding): {filepath.name}) except Exception as e: print(fError converting {filepath.name}: {e}) return converted def backup_files(self, backup_dir, extensionsNone): 备份指定扩展名的文件 backup_path Path(backup_dir).resolve() backup_path.mkdir(parentsTrue, exist_okTrue) backed_up 0 for filepath in self.source_dir.rglob(*): if filepath.is_file(): # 检查扩展名 if extensions and filepath.suffix.lower() not in extensions: continue # 创建目标路径 rel_path filepath.relative_to(self.source_dir) target_path backup_path / rel_path # 确保目标目录存在 target_path.parent.mkdir(parentsTrue, exist_okTrue) # 复制文件 shutil.copy2(filepath, target_path) backed_up 1 return backed_up def main(): parser argparse.ArgumentParser(description批量文件处理器) parser.add_argument(source, help源目录) parser.add_argument(--target, help目标目录) parser.add_argument(--organize, actionstore_true, help按扩展名整理) parser.add_argument(--rename, actionstore_true, help顺序重命名) parser.add_argument(--backup, help备份目录) parser.add_argument(--extensions, nargs, help备份的文件扩展名) args parser.parse_args() processor BatchFileProcessor(args.source, args.target) if args.organize: print(按扩展名整理文件...) processor.organize_by_extension() if args.rename: print(顺序重命名文件...) processor.rename_sequential() if args.backup: print(f备份文件到 {args.backup}...) count processor.backup_files(args.backup, args.extensions) print(f备份了 {count} 个文件) # 查找重复文件 duplicates processor.find_duplicates() if duplicates: print(f发现 {len(duplicates)} 组重复文件:) for dup in duplicates[:5]: # 只显示前5组 print(f {dup[0].name} 重复于 {dup[1].name}) if __name__ __main__: main()十、总结本文详细介绍了Python中常用的操作系统命令涵盖了文件操作、目录管理、进程控制、系统监控等多个方面。以下是关键要点总结文件操作使用open()进行文件读写shutil进行文件复制移动os.path进行文件属性查询目录管理使用os.makedirs()创建目录os.walk()遍历目录树pathlib提供面向对象路径操作进程控制使用subprocess执行外部命令multiprocessing进行多进程编程系统监控使用psutil获取系统资源信息platform获取系统平台信息环境变量通过os.environ访问和修改环境变量跨平台兼容注意不同操作系统的路径分隔符、换行符等差异最佳实践建议使用pathlib代替传统的os.path操作代码更简洁处理文件时始终使用上下文管理器with语句考虑跨平台兼容性避免硬编码路径分隔符对大文件或大量文件操作时注意性能优化正确处理异常特别是文件操作可能引发的各种错误通过掌握这些操作系统命令您将能够编写出强大、健壮且高效的Python脚本轻松应对各种系统管理和自动化任务。